African War History - 975 Words

â€Å"It isnt true, in any conventional meaning of the term, that the United States or its NATO partners invaded Afghanistan† –Terry Glavin, a Canadian author. (brainyquote.com) Throughout history Canada has been viewed as a strong beacon of hope, security, and support by the world. Essentially, NATO also known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created for the mutual protection of all members since 1949; this organization protects these countries from communism and the Warsaw pact to create a better world for billions to live in. It was founded by 12 nations, and has expanded to 29. Canada had helped guide them through various procedures and operations that are very significant in todays world and Canada’s growth as a nation.†¦show more content†¦Also, they donated a variety of items including: school supplies, toys, and clothing, furnaces, bedding, and first aid kits with modern medication. Initially, on September, 11/ 2001 a total of 2, 9 77 people were killed in the terrorist attacks, causing there to be mass shock and panic throughout the nations of NATO. Canada was one of the first nations to respond to the emergency call; article 5 of the treaty was set into motion calling partner nations to help America. This article states that member countries must defend each other and this later led to Canada’s assistance against the attacks. To exemplify, more than 224 flights were diverted to NAV Canada to avoid more â€Å"airliner projectiles†; these flights were scattered all over Canada, ranging from 47 planes in Halifax, to 8, 500 passengers landing in Vancouver (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca). Additionally, many people were brought in, from America to Canada after the incident along with the stranded passengers; this proved difficult for the displaced population, and they were fit into homes with Canadian citizens, and shared necessities. To Exemplify, Shirley Brook Jones was landed Lewisporte, Newfoundland , six days later when they returned home Shirley decided she would like to start a scholarship with the other passengers for the local students as a sign of gratitude for the service, and hospitality. Moreover, on the date of 9/11 theShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War And African American History Essay1828 Words   |  8 PagesIn Southern American history, the focus tends to remain on events that occurred from white, male citizens and politicians. These events, whether it is the civil war, the reconstruction period, World War I, or other well-known American historical events, white males are mainly centered around the story. Due to this narrow focus, the other genders and races that were affected or affiliated with these events are often neglected. 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Viracocha and the Legendary Origins of the Inca

Why Even Start Using - 947 Words

A High school student starts off with just trying a cigarette, then started smoking just about one cigarette a day, then became addict, he ended up smoking for 30 years, he developed throat cancer and had to breathe through a surgically made hole in his neck for the rest of his life. Just trying tobacco as a teen increases your chances by 80 percent of being addicted to some kind of tobacco in your future as being an adult (Bratsis Michael E). Teen and even children are trying tobacco products earlier and earlier every year. Tobacco products are becoming more advanced for example: the E-Cig. Tobacco producers are coming up with new way to put nicotine into your body. Having this teens want to try the new, non-researched, tobacco†¦show more content†¦What most users say is that they experience a Buzz when using a tobacco(Campaign for tobacco free kids), but almost all users say that you build up a tolerance really quick and the buzz never comes again. Teens are using tobacco mostly to get the buzz. Another reason why teens experiment with tobacco is because they think they are invincible and they wont be the ones to become a long time user of tobacco. Which is not the case 75 percent of teen users will become lifetime users of tobacco(Campaign for tobacco free kids). So if a person does try a tobacco products their most likely to get addicted for your life and develop several deadly cancers(Campaign for tobacco free kids). Some people think that marijuana is the only gateway drug into bigger, harder, and more deadly drugs (Campaign for tobacco free kids). The use of tobacco product is one of the biggest gateway drugs there is. People dont really see it as a gateway drug because it is legal to use it and the fact that the government okays companies to sell it (Campaign for tobacco free kids). So parents dont really seem to check on the kids to see if they are using it. 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Snake Venom Free Essays

string(107) " These fangs have a groove running on the lateral side of the fang which helps direct venom into the prey\." Venom Venom Types Methods of Production Methods of Delivery Offense or Defense? Lethal injection or False alarm? Mysteries Warnings To most people venom and snakes go hand in hand. It is commonly believed that all snakes are venomous, but this is an erroneous belief. Of the 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Snake Venom or any similar topic only for you Order Now 700 known species of snake only 300 are venomous. So what is venom, how did snakes get it and why do they have it? These are questions that have interested herpetologists and other scientists alike. Venom itself is a poison secreted by animals for either defensive or offensive purposes. Venom originated from digestive enzymes that were originally located in the stomach. Throughout the millions of years it has progressed quite a lot and in some animals has become quite different from it’s origin. The type of venom depends on the type of animal. In spiders venom is kept rather simple. It is pretty much just digestive enzymes. Spiders use their venom to turn their hard shelled insect meals into nice and nutritious goo. So in a sense one can think of this type of venom as a form of starting the digestive process before you even start to eat the meal. In insects venom is used predominantly as a defensive weapon. Wasps, bees and ants use formic acid in their stings to cause a painful burning sensation that will either kill or injure their enemy enough to make them think twice about attacking them again. Amphibians all use their venom for defense. In amphibians the venom is secreted through glands in the skin to make the animals unpalatable. So as we can see venom is a predominantly defensive adaptation. An adaptation that has found it’s way into every class of vertebrates except one. The birds; the only class to forego any venom. In mammals we have platypi with venomous claws, then there are the fish which comprise too many venomous species to count and finally we have the reptiles. All venomous reptiles are squamates and of them snakes make up the bulk. There are only two species of venomous squamates that are not snakes, the lizards of the genus: Heloderma. These lizards use their venom for defense as well and can deliver powerful and painful bites. In snakes venom has found a new use, for offense. Since snake prey generally has the advantage of speed (not to say that snakes can’t be speedy. A black mamba traveling at 17 mph is nothing to sneeze at. snakes had to find a new way to take down their prey without running the risk of losing them or getting too hurt in the process. Enter venom, a fast and effective mode of subdueing prey items with minimal risk to the snake. Venom types Snake venom can be divided into two broad (yet fuzzy) categories. That of hemotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Hemotoxic venom effects the blood and organs, causing a breakdown or inflammation in the body. Hemotoxic bites are the most painful as breathing hurts and tissues start to die. Neurotoxic venom, as the name suggests, effect the nervous system, leading to everything from siezures to death. Neurotoxic bites are the most deadly. Although we have these two wonderful different categories, no snake fits completely in each. Many snakes incorporate both neurotoxic and hemotoxic venom in their bites so when telling them apart one goes by which type is more predominant. For instance Ophiophagous hannah (King Cobra) has predominantly neurotoxic venom while Crotalus adamanteus (Eastern diamondback rattlesnake) has predominantly hemotoxic venom. Methods of production While getting bitten by a snake might strike fear in people, the fangs are not where the venom comes from, they are mearly methods of transfer. The place where the venom is made is in special glands located on the head of the animal. The venom glands differentiate into false and true venom glands. False venom glands (a misleading name no doubt) are made up either from mucus producing supralabial glands that run on either side of the head extending as a continuous strip from near the snout to below and well behind the eye. These then lead to several ducts that lead to the bases of many maxillary teeth. Alethinophidians are known to have this type of arrangement. Most colubrids have a different arrangement. Rather than use those modified salivary glands they use a larger gland known as the Duvernoy’s gland. This gland is situated right under the skin, above and near the angle of the jaw. These glands open from a duct at the base of one or more posterior usually enlarged fangs that may or may not be grooved. These glands do not have a lumen (central storage chamber) so the snakes must give off a continous stream of venom into their prey which means that they must continue to hold on to the animal to ensure envenomation. True venom glands are made uf thick connective tissue. They contain a lumen, a separate compressor muscle and a duct connecting them to a single fang on each side of the jaw. These glands dominate all elapids and viperids (along with some atractaspidids) Methods of Delivery Their are four main types of teeth in snakes with which venom is transferred from gland to prey. While these forms seem to indicate a continual progression towards more complexity, they are misleading as it doesn’t take into account the morphological variation in snake dentitions making for a paraphyletic occurence (that is they all thought up different ways to accomplish the same goal). Aglyphous snakes Aglyphous (grooveless) snakes lack any groove in their teeth for venom to run down. Instead the venom drips down the teeth from any available opening essentially saturating the maxillae. In order for envenomation to occur the snake must chew on it’s prey which is time consuming. Aglyphous snakes include blind snakes and some colubrids. Opisthoglyphous snakes Opisthoglyphous (rear grooved) snakes have elongate fangs located on the top of the back of their mouths. These fangs have a groove running on the lateral side of the fang which helps direct venom into the prey. You read "Snake Venom" in category "Essay examples" Since the fangs are located posteriorly the snake must make a point of taking a big bite into it’s prey in order to assure envenomation. Colubrids make up the bulk of this group. Proteroglyphs Proteroglyphs (front groove) snakes are pretty much all elapids with an occasional actractaspidid like Homoroselaps (Harlequin snakes). In proteroglyphs the groove has run so deep that both sides of the groove overlap eachother forming a channel for the venom to flow. A lumen is located at the base of the tooth where venom eagerly awaits ejection while a discharge orifice lay on one side near the tip. An adductor (jaw closing) muscle is attached to the glands so that when the snake bites down the glands get squeezed and a stream of venom flows into the prey. These snakes are â€Å"fixed fanged. † That is to say they are unable to fold up their fangs when not in use so the fangs must be kept short enough so as not to puncture the lower jaw. Interestingly enough fixed fanged elapids are known to hold onto their prey after biting. This would seem to present a potential hazard for the snake, but the predominantly neurotoxic venom works so fast that the prey doesn’t have enough time to struggle, thus ensuring the snake it’s meal. Some cobra types such as the rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus) and many species of Afro-Asian cobras (Naja sp. ) have the ability to spit their venom at predators. Their fang tips have beveled, circular (sometimes pear shaped) apertures on the anterior surface just above the tip where the venom is ejected. African spitters go one stepped further. They have spiral grooves in their fangs that (like the riflings of a gun barrel) force a spin on the venom allowing for greater accuracy. This is only used in defense and is amazing effective as these snakes are adepth marksmen. By expending venom in these little droplets, the snake is guaranteed the maximum use of it’s (normally offensive) venom when battling a predator. How often can these snakes spit before running out. Well one black necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) emptied it’s venom glands by spitting fifty seven times in only twenty minutes. Truly a force to be reckoned with. Solenoglyphous snakes Solenoglyphous (pipe grooved) snakes make up the viperidae and show some of the most specialized teeth for the job. Viperid fangs have the groove so deep now that the outside of the teeth completely cover it forming a pipe for venom to enter. The two fangs are attached to a short highly movable maxillary bone. This bone allows the snakes to fold their fangs up in their mouths. This ability to fold up the fangs allows for greater fang length. How much greater? Well compare a 3. 83-m Ophiophagous hannah’s 11mm fangs to a 1. 8-m Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper) with fangs measuring 29mm. Impressive no? Viperids have predominantly hemotoxic venom and as such, their bites take longer to take effect. Since the effect is longer, the snake can’t risk holding onto the struggling prey for it would surely get hurt, but with their potent venom, quick strikes and hyperextendable fangs, these snakes are able to get in and out extremely fast. Not only can the fangs hyperextend (up to 1800) but with the separately jointed maxillae the fangs can move individually as well. So a viper can decide whether or not to move one fang or two. Inject one side or two. The amount of venom control in vipers is astounding as well as their venom reservoirs. The bulk of Bitis gabonica’s head is it’s venom glands. Shocking! Offense or Defense As stated before, snakes predominantly use their venom to capture prey, but when push comes to shove, venom can mean the difference between life and death. Snake defense is rather limited when one thinks about it. They can’t outrun their predators, a lack of limbs means that gaining the leverage for tail whipping is rather impossible (pointless anyway seeing as how most snakes have rather small tails). Some snakes can secrete nasty substances that make them unwanted to be around. Others feign their own deaths, but in general the best area of defense for snakes lies in their jaws. For a venomous snake, biting a predator means wasting precious venom; a commodity that doesn’t come without it’s price. Venom costs energy to make and takes a while to refill when empty. A snake would much rather save that venom for something worth it like food, so it takes quite a bit of pressing to get a venomous snake to actually bite. In fact it is for these reasons that venomous snakes have adopted so many warning strategies. From warning colors, to hoods, to rattles, venomous snakes do everything in their power to avoid biting the enemy. In contrast a boid or other constrictor will readily bite in defense. While they lack venom, recurved teeth can be just as bad and since constrictors don’t have to worry about wasting venom they can feel free to bite all they want. Lethal injection or False alarm? Along with warning well in advance, another common thing found in venomous snakes (especially viperids) is giving what is known as a â€Å"dry bite. † Dry bites occur when a snake like a rattler is cornered and forced to bite in defense. While the snake might be in last resort mode, it still has one more trick up it’s sleeve. Venomous snakes (true venomous snakes) have the ability to choose whether or not they want to inject venom into something. So if a rattlesnake bites a dog, it has the choice of either envenomating or bluffing the animal. In nature bluffs work much of the time and are the safest way for an animal to avoid a fight. By giving off a dry bite, venomous snakes need not waste their venom supplies. In fact over half of all rattlesnake bites are dry ones. A very comforting thought. Mysteries of Venomous Snakes One of the strangest things about elapids and viperids is that they seem to have evolved venom that is too potent for their own good. For instance, a Western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) injects it’s prey (a mouse) with 300 times more venom than is necessary. Or the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) which injects enough venom in one bite to kill two hundred thousand mice. Why the excess? No one knows for sure. Perhaps the mechanisms that produced the venom never had any buffers for how powerful it got. Since the evolution of new traits involves the constantly ascending path (new traits are only kept if beneficial to the organism) the fact that ever potent venom would always guarantee the quick death of the prey means that it would always be selected for and will be until something comes to counter it. While this is a nice theory and all, there is an underlying problem with it. Venomous snakes (of at least the elapid and viperid families) are able to meter out how much venom they intend to inject into their prey. So that Crotalus viridis is quite aware of the amount it is pumping into that mouse. Plus since venom replenishment is not the fastest thing (averaging between 4 days and three weeks) injecting so much venom seems wasteful. Another theory proposed was that it the venom helps to begin the digestion process. Surely this seems reasonable especially considered how venom effects tissue along with it’s origins. Yet that too does not give a perfect explanation for Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) which inject three to eight times more venom than necessary, end up with half of that venom lodged in the skin. So for now, the reasons behind the excess venom delivery by venomous snakes are still unknown. Warnings about venom While no person should actively go out and try to capture a venomous snake (without good reason) in the even that one finds said snake, the best precautions are to examine the encounter. If you’re far enough away to leave then feel free to do so, you need not worry about the snake following you. If you’re practically stepping on the snake things could be worse. At that point though one usually finds that one has been bitten. If bitten make sure to ID the snake. Remember as much as possible about it. For an idea of the type of venom that might have been injected in you consider the area that you are at and how the snake looked. Vipers, due to their large venom glands, have heart shaped heads. Elapids have nice thin heads. Colubrids are harder to tell apart from elapids, but a venomous elapid will give warning or have some type of forewarning available. Colubrid bites normally don’t kill and are more a pain than anything else. Viper bites can be deadly and normally are very painful. Elapid bites are extremely lethal and antivenin treatment is a must if bitten. Although all this seems scary, it’s best to remember that no venomous snake will attack without severe provocation. Look for the warning signs and watch where you step and you should be fine. Also remember many bites given are dry, so just because you were bitten doesn’t mean you were envenomated. A good rule of thumb when dealing with a scared or cornered snake is that the last thing it’s going to want to do is bite. Venom Venom Types Methods of Production Methods of Delivery Offense or Defense? Lethal injection or False alarm? Mysteries Warnings To most people venom and snakes go hand in hand. It is commonly believed that all snakes are venomous, but this is an erroneous belief. Of the 2. 700 known species of snake only 300 are venomous. So what is venom, how did snakes get it and why do they have it? These are questions that have interested herpetologists and other scientists alike. Venom itself is a poison secreted by animals for either defensive or offensive purposes. Venom originated from digestive enzymes that were originally located in the stomach. Throughout the millions of years it has progressed quite a lot and in some animals has become quite different from it’s origin. The type of venom depends on the type of animal. In spiders venom is kept rather simple. It is pretty much just digestive enzymes. Spiders use their venom to turn their hard shelled insect meals into nice and nutritious goo. So in a sense one can think of this type of venom as a form of starting the digestive process before you even start to eat the meal. In insects venom is used predominantly as a defensive weapon. Wasps, bees and ants use formic acid in their stings to cause a painful burning sensation that will either kill or injure their enemy enough to make them think twice about attacking them again. Amphibians all use their venom for defense. In amphibians the venom is secreted through glands in the skin to make the animals unpalatable. So as we can see venom is a predominantly defensive adaptation. An adaptation that has found it’s way into every class of vertebrates except one. The birds; the only class to forego any venom. In mammals we have platypi with venomous claws, then there are the fish which comprise too many venomous species to count and finally we have the reptiles. All venomous reptiles are squamates and of them snakes make up the bulk. There are only two species of venomous squamates that are not snakes, the lizards of the genus: Heloderma. These lizards use their venom for defense as well and can deliver powerful and painful bites. In snakes venom has found a new use, for offense. Since snake prey generally has the advantage of speed (not to say that snakes can’t be speedy. A black mamba traveling at 17 mph is nothing to sneeze at. snakes had to find a new way to take down their prey without running the risk of losing them or getting too hurt in the process. Enter venom, a fast and effective mode of subdueing prey items with minimal risk to the snake. Venom types Snake venom can be divided into two broad (yet fuzzy) categories. That of hemotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Hemotoxic venom effects the blood and organs, causing a breakdown or inflammation in the body. Hemotoxic bites are the most painful as breathing hurts and tissues start to die. Neurotoxic venom, as the name suggests, effect the nervous system, leading to everything from siezures to death. Neurotoxic bites are the most deadly. Although we have these two wonderful different categories, no snake fits completely in each. Many snakes incorporate both neurotoxic and hemotoxic venom in their bites so when telling them apart one goes by which type is more predominant. For instance Ophiophagous hannah (King Cobra) has predominantly neurotoxic venom while Crotalus adamanteus (Eastern diamondback rattlesnake) has predominantly hemotoxic venom. Methods of production While getting bitten by a snake might strike fear in people, the fangs are not where the venom comes from, they are mearly methods of transfer. The place where the venom is made is in special glands located on the head of the animal. The venom glands differentiate into false and true venom glands. False venom glands (a misleading name no doubt) are made up either from mucus producing supralabial glands that run on either side of the head extending as a continuous strip from near the snout to below and well behind the eye. These then lead to several ducts that lead to the bases of many maxillary teeth. Alethinophidians are known to have this type of arrangement. Most colubrids have a different arrangement. Rather than use those modified salivary glands they use a larger gland known as the Duvernoy’s gland. This gland is situated right under the skin, above and near the angle of the jaw. These glands open from a duct at the base of one or more posterior usually enlarged fangs that may or may not be grooved. These glands do not have a lumen (central storage chamber) so the snakes must give off a continous stream of venom into their prey which means that they must continue to hold on to the animal to ensure envenomation. True venom glands are made uf thick connective tissue. They contain a lumen, a separate compressor muscle and a duct connecting them to a single fang on each side of the jaw. These glands dominate all elapids and viperids (along with some atractaspidids) Methods of Delivery Their are four main types of teeth in snakes with which venom is transferred from gland to prey. While these forms seem to indicate a continual progression towards more complexity, they are misleading as it doesn’t take into account the morphological variation in snake dentitions making for a paraphyletic occurence (that is they all thought up different ways to accomplish the same goal). Aglyphous snakes Aglyphous (grooveless) snakes lack any groove in their teeth for venom to run down. Instead the venom drips down the teeth from any available opening essentially saturating the maxillae. In order for envenomation to occur the snake must chew on it’s prey which is time consuming. Aglyphous snakes include blind snakes and some colubrids. Opisthoglyphous snakes Opisthoglyphous (rear grooved) snakes have elongate fangs located on the top of the back of their mouths. These fangs have a groove running on the lateral side of the fang which helps direct venom into the prey. Since the fangs are located posteriorly the snake must make a point of taking a big bite into it’s prey in order to assure envenomation. Colubrids make up the bulk of this group. Proteroglyphs Proteroglyphs (front groove) snakes are pretty much all elapids with an occasional actractaspidid like Homoroselaps (Harlequin snakes). In proteroglyphs the groove has run so deep that both sides of the groove overlap eachother forming a channel for the venom to flow. A lumen is located at the base of the tooth where venom eagerly awaits ejection while a discharge orifice lay on one side near the tip. An adductor (jaw closing) muscle is attached to the glands so that when the snake bites down the glands get squeezed and a stream of venom flows into the prey. These snakes are â€Å"fixed fanged. † That is to say they are unable to fold up their fangs when not in use so the fangs must be kept short enough so as not to puncture the lower jaw. Interestingly enough fixed fanged elapids are known to hold onto their prey after biting. This would seem to present a potential hazard for the snake, but the predominantly neurotoxic venom works so fast that the prey doesn’t have enough time to struggle, thus ensuring the snake it’s meal. Some cobra types such as the rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus) and many species of Afro-Asian cobras (Naja sp. ) have the ability to spit their venom at predators. Their fang tips have beveled, circular (sometimes pear shaped) apertures on the anterior surface just above the tip where the venom is ejected. African spitters go one stepped further. They have spiral grooves in their fangs that (like the riflings of a gun barrel) force a spin on the venom allowing for greater accuracy. This is only used in defense and is amazing effective as these snakes are adepth marksmen. By expending venom in these little droplets, the snake is guaranteed the maximum use of it’s (normally offensive) venom when battling a predator. How often can these snakes spit before running out. Well one black necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) emptied it’s venom glands by spitting fifty seven times in only twenty minutes. Truly a force to be reckoned with. Solenoglyphous snakes Solenoglyphous (pipe grooved) snakes make up the viperidae and show some of the most specialized teeth for the job. Viperid fangs have the groove so deep now that the outside of the teeth completely cover it forming a pipe for venom to enter. The two fangs are attached to a short highly movable maxillary bone. This bone allows the snakes to fold their fangs up in their mouths. This ability to fold up the fangs allows for greater fang length. How much greater? Well compare a 3. 83-m Ophiophagous hannah’s 11mm fangs to a 1. 8-m Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper) with fangs measuring 29mm. Impressive no? Viperids have predominantly hemotoxic venom and as such, their bites take longer to take effect. Since the effect is longer, the snake can’t risk holding onto the struggling prey for it would surely get hurt, but with their potent venom, quick strikes and hyperextendable fangs, these snakes are able to get in and out extremely fast. Not only can the fangs hyperextend (up to 1800) but with the separately jointed maxillae the fangs can move individually as well. So a viper can decide whether or not to move one fang or two. Inject one side or two. The amount of venom control in vipers is astounding as well as their venom reservoirs. The bulk of Bitis gabonica’s head is it’s venom glands. Shocking! Offense or Defense As stated before, snakes predominantly use their venom to capture prey, but when push comes to shove, venom can mean the difference between life and death. Snake defense is rather limited when one thinks about it. They can’t outrun their predators, a lack of limbs means that gaining the leverage for tail whipping is rather impossible (pointless anyway seeing as how most snakes have rather small tails). Some snakes can secrete nasty substances that make them unwanted to be around. Others feign their own deaths, but in general the best area of defense for snakes lies in their jaws. For a venomous snake, biting a predator means wasting precious venom; a commodity that doesn’t come without it’s price. Venom costs energy to make and takes a while to refill when empty. A snake would much rather save that venom for something worth it like food, so it takes quite a bit of pressing to get a venomous snake to actually bite. In fact it is for these reasons that venomous snakes have adopted so many warning strategies. From warning colors, to hoods, to rattles, venomous snakes do everything in their power to avoid biting the enemy. In contrast a boid or other constrictor will readily bite in defense. While they lack venom, recurved teeth can be just as bad and since constrictors don’t have to worry about wasting venom they can feel free to bite all they want. Lethal injection or False alarm? Along with warning well in advance, another common thing found in venomous snakes (especially viperids) is giving what is known as a â€Å"dry bite. † Dry bites occur when a snake like a rattler is cornered and forced to bite in defense. While the snake might be in last resort mode, it still has one more trick up it’s sleeve. Venomous snakes (true venomous snakes) have the ability to choose whether or not they want to inject venom into something. So if a rattlesnake bites a dog, it has the choice of either envenomating or bluffing the animal. In nature bluffs work much of the time and are the safest way for an animal to avoid a fight. By giving off a dry bite, venomous snakes need not waste their venom supplies. In fact over half of all rattlesnake bites are dry ones. A very comforting thought. Mysteries of Venomous Snakes One of the strangest things about elapids and viperids is that they seem to have evolved venom that is too potent for their own good. For instance, a Western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) injects it’s prey (a mouse) with 300 times more venom than is necessary. Or the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) which injects enough venom in one bite to kill two hundred thousand mice. Why the excess? No one knows for sure. Perhaps the mechanisms that produced the venom never had any buffers for how powerful it got. Since the evolution of new traits involves the constantly ascending path (new traits are only kept if beneficial to the organism) the fact that ever potent venom would always guarantee the quick death of the prey means that it would always be selected for and will be until something comes to counter it. While this is a nice theory and all, there is an underlying problem with it. Venomous snakes (of at least the elapid and viperid families) are able to meter out how much venom they intend to inject into their prey. So that Crotalus viridis is quite aware of the amount it is pumping into that mouse. Plus since venom replenishment is not the fastest thing (averaging between 4 days and three weeks) injecting so much venom seems wasteful. Another theory proposed was that it the venom helps to begin the digestion process. Surely this seems reasonable especially considered how venom effects tissue along with it’s origins. Yet that too does not give a perfect explanation for Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) which inject three to eight times more venom than necessary, end up with half of that venom lodged in the skin. So for now, the reasons behind the excess venom delivery by venomous snakes are still unknown. Warnings about venom While no person should actively go out and try to capture a venomous snake (without good reason) in the even that one finds said snake, the best precautions are to examine the encounter. If you’re far enough away to leave then feel free to do so, you need not worry about the snake following you. If you’re practically stepping on the snake things could be worse. At that point though one usually finds that one has been bitten. If bitten make sure to ID the snake. Remember as much as possible about it. For an idea of the type of venom that might have been injected in you consider the area that you are at and how the snake looked. Vipers, due to their large venom glands, have heart shaped heads. Elapids have nice thin heads. Colubrids are harder to tell apart from elapids, but a venomous elapid will give warning or have some type of forewarning available. Colubrid bites normally don’t kill and are more a pain than anything else. Viper bites can be deadly and normally are very painful. Elapid bites are extremely lethal and antivenin treatment is a must if bitten. Although all this seems scary, it’s best to remember that no venomous snake will attack without severe provocation. Look for the warning signs and watch where you step and you should be fine. Also remember many bites given are dry, so just because you were bitten doesn’t mean you were envenomated. A good rule of thumb when dealing with a scared or cornered snake is that the last thing it’s going to want to do is bite. How to cite Snake Venom, Essay examples

Australian Rugby League Essay Example For Students

Australian Rugby League Essay This report investigates the epic battlebetween the Australian Rugby League which has beenaround for 87 years and the Super League concept for thecontrol of Rugby League in Australia. One man, Mr RupertMurdoch, is trying to take over and run a rebel SuperLeague to enhance his power and for financial gain. ThisSuper League is proposed to run in 1996 with a 10 teamcompetition as its prospectus. This report reviews thehistory of the Australian Rugby League, the battle betweenMr.Murdoch and Mr.Packer, the battle of who controlspay television, the players future and junior development. This conflict is mainly based on power, greed and money. The two protagonists are prepared to go to any lengths toachieve supremacy. I have researched archives,newspapers, pamphlets and watched television toaccumulate information of this divisive conflict. 2. TheHistory of the A.R.L. The Australian Rugby Leagueoriginated in 1908 which was then known as the N.S.W. Rugby League. The game of Rugby League was born longago and faraway, on the 29th of August 1895 in the statelyGeorge Hotel Huddersfield Yorkshire, England. Originally15 a side teams were reduced to 13 in 1906 and RugbyLeagues trademark the play the ball was introduced. Thechanges large and small laid the foundations for the fastmoving thrilling game that Rugby League has become. Onthe evening of August 8 the N.S.W Rugby League wasformed with a secret meeting at Sydneys Batemans Hotel. The men driving the new game were: The entrepreneurJames Joseph Giltinan, the great cricketer Victor Trumper,the influential politician Henry Clammond Hoyle. Thesupreme master stroke being the signing of Rugby Unionschampion Herbert Henry Dally Messenger at a fee of 180pounds. In the summer of 1907-08 more meetings resultingin the formation of 9 clubs: Glebe, Newtown, SouthSydney, Eastern Suburbs, Western Suburbs, Balmain,North Sydney, Newcastle which only lasted until 1909,and Cumberland. However Cumberland had troubleenticing sufficient players and was forced to amalgamatewith Western Suburbs the following season. RugbyLeagues first season began on Easter Monday 1908 on awave of unrivalled enthusiasm. To South Sydney went thehonour of being Rugby Leagues first champions 14-12victors over Eastern Suburbs in the premiership final. Overthe years more teams have been introduced to make anexpanded competition, to strengthen and promote the gamelocally, nationally and at this present tim e internationally. The teams that have joined since the inaugural competitioninclude: 1910 Annandale which folded in 1920. 1920University which folded in 1937. 1921 St George. 1935Canterbury. 1947 Manly and Parramatta. 1967 Cronullaand Penrith. 1982 Canberra and Illawarra. 1983 Newtownwere expelled due to financial problems. 1988 Brisbane,Gold Coast and Newcastle. During the 1994 RugbyLeague season the N.S.W. Rugby League passed a motionto expand the 16 team competition to a 20 teamcompetition incorporating a team from Western Australia, 2more teams from Queensland and a team from NewZealand. It was also agreed to change the name from theN.S.W Rugby League to the Australian Rugby League alsoknown as the A.R.L as a true reflection of what itrepresents. The 1995 season promised to be the pinnacleof the leagues endeavours with the expanded 20 teamswhich included 4 new teams namely: Auckland Warriorsfrom New Zealand. North Queensland Cowboys based inTownsville. South Queensland Crushers located inBrisbane. Western Reds from the far west Perth. RugbyLeague as a truly Australian story is abound with wonderfulcharacters such as Messenger, Horder, Stehr, Churchill,Gasnier, Raper, Reddy, Fulton, Lewis, Sterling. TheImmortals are recognised as Rugby Leagues finestpost-war exponents, Clive Churchill, Reg Gasnier, JohnRaper and Bob Fulton had a creative excellence thatcomes along all to rarely. 3. The Conflict Between TheA.R.L and Super League. 1995 provided the League withso much optimism, to realise their vision of a 20 teamcompetition and watch it come to fruition. On the 1st April1995 the unsuspecting Australian Rugby League was outmanoeuvred in a coup when the Super League announcedits intention to form a rebel super league. This super leaguewas a breakaway league with its own constitution andvision statement. The Super League had enlisted highprofile rugby league players to endorse and persuadecurrent players to sign with the rebel league without theknowledge of the A.R.L The rebel le ague backed by MrRupert Murdoch and the News Ltd. Corporation madehuge financial offers as an inducement for players to sign toplay in their competition. The A.R.L then counter attackedsigning up loyal A.R.L players with the financial backing ofMr Kerry Packer and Optus Vision. This conflict was nolonger just about Rugby League, the intervention of thesetwo omnipotent individuals brought a new dimension, thestruggle for power and total dominance for the paytelevision broadcasting rights. 4. Mr Rupert Murdoch verusMr Kerry Packer. 4.1 Murdoch, Rupert (1931- )Australian-born media magnate, who boosted thecirculation of many of his newspapers by creating a tabloidmix of sex, crime, and sports stories topped with giantsensationalised headlines. He was born in Melbourne,Australia, and educated at Oxford University. He became aUnited States citizen in 1985. Murdoch returned toAustralia in 1954 and took charge of the Adelaide News(sold in 1987 and closed in 1992), a marginally profitableaf ternoon daily paper. Applying his Daily Expressexperience, he created the giant sensationalised headlinesthat were to become his trademark, and the papersreadership soared. Murdoch started building his mediaempire with the purchase of a Perth Sunday newspaper in1956, and in 1960 he entered the Sydney market byacquiring the Sydney Daily and Sunday Mirror. Hishard-sell promotions and lurid stories boosted thecirculations of both papers. In 1964 Murdoch foundedAustralias first national newspaper, the Australian, whichfeatured national and international news, investigativereporting, and local issues. By 1968 his Australian empireof newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting stations wasworth an estimated $50 million. Murdoch then boughtcontrol of the Sunday News of the World, a sensationalistLondon paper aimed at the working classes, and thefoundering London daily Sun, a stodgy liberal paper. The Achievement of True Happiness EssayThe Outcome. In 1995 it was decided by the High Courtthat super league would be able to start its competition inMarch of 96, But later a win by the A.R.L made it unlikelythat Super League would be able to start untill the year2000. This win was to be short lived as the High Courtdismissed the A.R.L and made it possible for SuperLeague to start its competition in 1997. 7. Conclusion andRecommendations. In conclusion this epic battle is far fromover as both camps vie for the monopolistic control ofRugby League both as a sport and a valuable marketablecommodity. Mr Packer and Mr Murdoch are both used towinning and getting what they want. The A.R.L. believeRugby League can not be owned by anyone, it is thepeoples game whereas Super League believe they have theright to exploit Rugby League for the good of the game asthere reason. The A.R.L. spent 87 years building this greatAustralian sporting icon which encompasses cameraderieand mateship, nationa l pride, humour and courage, braveryand skill, spectacular feats of athleticism and great drama. The traditions have been established the legacy shouldremain. Can Rugby League be bought or sold out ? In myopinion the values of life are not for sale at any price. Rugby League has evolved over the years, nurtured into thedynamic game as it is today. What right does anyone haveto take-over and exploit rugby league for their ownfinancial benefit. Some of the Super League concepts havemerit but I believe the A.R.L. should run Rugby LeagueThe Greatest Game of All. 8. References. Newspapers:-The Newcastle Herald. The Sun-Herald. The SundayTelegraph. The Telegraph. Books and Magazines:- TheKangaroos Ian Heads. The Rebels of Rugby Bob Power. Action 85 Gary Lester. Concise Australian EncyclopaediaAngus and Robertson Publisher. Green and Gold HeroesRugby League Week Publisher. Rugby League WeekMagazines. Summary. This report investigates the epicbattle between the Australian Rugby League and the SuperLeague concept for the control of Rugby League inAustralia. This report reviews the history of the AustralianRugby League, the battle between Mr.Murdoch andMr.Packer, the battle of who controls pay television, theplayers future and junior development. This conflict ismainly based on power, greed and money. The mainaspects included in this report are the topics surroundingthe controversial Super League. I explore the history of theA.R.L. as opposed to the rebel leagues vision, theconfrontation of the A.R.L. and Super League and somebackground information on the two protagonists Mr RupertMurdoch and Mr Kerry Packer. In conclusion thetraditions and loyalties established by the A.R.L. into thegame as we know it today are on the br ink of beingdestroyed because of another mans vision for power andmoney. Table of Contents. Summary 1.Introduction. 2.TheHistory of the A.R.L. 3.The Conflict between the A.R.L. and Super League. 4.Mr Rupert Murdoch verus Mr KerryPacker. 4.1 Murdoch Rupert. 4.2 Packer Kerry. 5.TheVision of the Super League. 5.1 The Clubs. 5.2 TheTeams. 5.3 Pay Television Rights. 5.4 The Players. 5.5Junior Development. 6.The Outcome. 7.Conclusion andRecommendations. 8.References.

Waste Management Inc

Company Analysis Waste Management Inc offers comprehensive waste management services. The company has a long history in the waste management business since 1894 with its offices located in Downtown Houston, Texas. The company has an extensive association of collection and management of waste operations with over 431 collection operations, 381 transfer locations, 286 disposal sites, 17 waste to energy plants and 134 recycling plants, 119 landfill gas projects and 6 autonomous power production projects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Management Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Performance The revenue of the company has been steady for the past five years with an average growth of 3.2 per cent. The company has demonstrated a remarkable increase of dividend per share over the past five years with an average dividend growth rate of 9.6 per cent. The company has established a strong distribution network and existing market share of about 30 per cent bringing a level of stability in its revenue, operating margin and profitability in the past five years can be found on the Graph below. Five-year profitability comparison The company’s margins are higher than the industry’s margins indicating cost efficiency of company. The company is a service company dealing with collection and management of waste. The waste collected is recycled and used in the generation of power. By 2003, the company was already returning profits in free cash to its shareholders in form of dividends. The company had expressed interest in acquiring its competitor Republic Services, Inc in July 2008 placing a bid of $34 per share, however, this offer was rejected and the company made another attempt in August the same year raising the offer to $37 per share. Unfortunately, this bid was also rejected and Waste Management, Inc finally withdrew the bid in October, 2008 citing that it was in a financial turmo il. YEAR 2010 2011 Price per share(In dollars) 31.14 31.18 Outstanding share number 2,818,609 2,961,433 Market cap 87,771,484.26 92,337,480.94 Market cap= Price per share* Outstanding share numberAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above shows Waste management Inc, stock price in comparison to the market cap index and how price per share affect the market capital directly. Competition analysis Competition in the waste management industry is moderate. Price war in 1990’s created by mergers and acquisitions consolidated the industry resulting in a few players in the industry. Waste management Inc largest competitors are Allied Waste management, Inc, Republic Services, Inc and Waste Connections, Inc. all three are very competitive companies. Although Waste Management, Inc is the largest environmental services company in the US, Allied Waste Management Indust ries presents formidable competition. The company has 310 collection companies serving 10 million customers drawn from the residential, industrial and commercial sectors. In addition, it operates 166 transfer stations, owns 169 active landfills coupled with 57 recycling states extending these services to 37 states. Republic Services, Inc is ranked as the third environmental services company which also is a competitor in the waste management industry. However, its operations are not as extensive and far reaching as those of WM and Allied Waste Industries since Republic Services, Inc ‘s operations are mainly in Sunbelt boasting of 140 collection companies, 60 active landfills, 90 transfer locations and 35 recycling stations. The company offers solid waste management services to more than 1 million customers comprised of residential, industrial and commercial clients from over 20 states mainly drawn from western US. Waste Connections, Inc engages small markets mainly in the solid waste sector operating 105 collection functions, 35 active sites and 25 recycling facilities. SWOT analysis The waste management Inc. has its internal strengths and weaknesses plus external strengths and weaknesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Management Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More External Internal Opportunity Threats Strengths Strengths are areas where the organization excels over its competitors. Opportunities are the external factors that are present in the company. How well does the company use its leverage to take advantage of opportunities Threats are the factors that hinder the industry as a whole and the organization has no control over it. How does the company use its strengths to minimize threats Weakness Weaknesses are areas where competitors have outweighed the company. How is this weakness controlled not to bur opportunities The only option available is repositioning to adapt to the external environment. How to fix weakness that can have a real impact on threats. Corporate mission Waste Management, Inc mission is â€Å"To develop and deliver meaningful business results†. This well developed mission statement is a clear demonstration that it intends to deliver positive results for its customers, suppliers and shareholders. The company intends to accomplish its mission by building partnerships, involving a competent supplier base, developing best processes and finally by aligning the organization through the help of highly skilled professionals with a business orientation. Products and services The company has tailored its services to efficiently meet the needs of each customer group. It offers collection, disposal, transfer, autonomous power production plants and waste recycling services. Leadership The company has had successful leadership owing to exceptional management of the leadership team. The company has Corporate Governance Guideli nes which provides outlining the company’s primary objectives. It was named by Ethisphere, a business magazine as one of the most ethical companies in the world in June 2008. However, the company has not had it all rosy. The company faced lawsuits and fraud investigations following the alteration of the company’s books of accounts to meet predetermined earnings between 1992 and 1997. This act of unprofessionalism was aimed at eliminating and deferring the financial year’s expenses. In mid 1997 a new CEO ordered a review of the company’s accounting practices consequently discovering the fraud. The company was forced to restate its earnings for the period by $1.7 billion. Resources The company possesses strong organizational resources by employing economies of scale provided by its ability to rely on its large physical network of plants and landfill. The company also has a program called Service Machine that tracks and measures customer service performance. Human resources are strong due to the company’s long history of waste management coupled with extensive portfolio of acquisitions and mergers. The company values the human aspect and puts efforts to manage human resources, through using a job analysis system. Innovation is another strong point for the company since the company demonstrates remarkable ability to reinvent itself. Innovative restructuring has assisted the company overhaul customer service, goods and services purchasing, vehicle and equipment maintenance by reorganization of operation units in market areas and creation of market specific business strategies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore Waste Management Inc enjoys significant reputation contributed by its long standing association with many communities and local councils in North America. It brand Waste management Inc, enjoys remarkable awareness in its diversified customer base. However, this reputation was dented badly when Chicago waste collectors went on strike, notably most of the workers on strike from Waste Management Inc owing to the company’s large size. Core competencies and advantages Owing to its large size, the company has the capability to neutralize threats from smaller but strategically placed companies by absorbing them where their territories overlap. Secondly, the company has a strong base in North America where many landfills approved by the government are situated hence the company has an advantage over its competitors. The company offers a wide range of services throughout North America. These services entail collection, disposal, transfer and recycling. Moreover, the firm has waste to waste technology that other competitor companies do not possess. This advantage is serves the company well in the wake of worldwide energy concern. The company has over time through mergers and buy-outs consolidated its command in the industry making its competitors hard to imitate. However, the company is at risk of competitor companies merging to defeat the company’s advantage of size and location. Conclusion and recommendations There is remarkable driving force which is significantly changing in the socio/political arena. The company has abundant environmental opportunities and significant internal strengths. However, some recommendations may be made on the fuel conversion and waste to energy capital expansion. This is achievable by adjusting fleet operations that will be helpful in mitigating risk posed by the ever increasing oil prices. Waste Management Inc can also take advantage of the worldwide energy shortage by expanding and diversifying its operations in the waste to energy sector. The company is operating in an emerging industry which holds a great future for the company. Therefore, the company must ensure that it remains relevant by relentless advertisement and dedicated customer service while avoiding fraudulent undertakings that may badly taint the image of the company. This essay on Waste Management Inc was written and submitted by user Dream1ngCelest1al to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays

Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Writing Comparison and Contrast Essays Among different kinds of essays you have to write at school, comparison and contrast essays are perhaps the most interesting ones. Writing comparison and contrast essays develops your analytical skills, you can improve your ability to compare and make conclusions. Well, if you are not sure how to write a comparison and contrast essay, you are reading the right article. Starting your comparison and contrast essayTo make a good start of your comparison and contrast essay, make sure you know the basis for comparison. Start with providing some common features, after that find the characteristics which are different, and then make a conclusion. For instance, you do not know how to write a comparison and contrast essay on the Bible. Well, pick out one story which you like. For example, let it be a story about Cain and Abel. As a matter of common features, write that both of them worked very hard. Then, to contrast them, start with giving the infor mation that Cain worked in the field, and Abel was a shepherd. Then, write that Abel was humble and kind, and Cain was envious and mean. Once, both of them decided to make a sacrifice to God. While God accepted Abels gift, Cains sacrifice was neglected. That is why we can make a conclusion that God sees in a persons heart, it is impossible to hide anything from Him.Comparison contrast essay writing secretsWriting comparison and contrast essays, remember that it is important to sound emphatic. Sometimes it is not easy to find points to compare. For example, you may not know how to write a comparison and contrast essay on some modern book. Modern authors often avoid describing their characters as opposites; they want them to look like real people which have both positive and negative traits. This can complicate writing comparison and contrast essays. For instance, how to write a comparison and contrast essay on History? If you have to compare two poques, choose the main points to characterize. They can be the economical situation in the country, the demographical situation, the level of science development. Write some information about education and culture of these periods. Writing comparison and contrast essays on History, it is also important to mention the level of material welfare of people. In conclusion write in which poque peoples life was better. Now we think that you know how to write a comparison and contrast essay and you will easily complete your assignment.